A directory in Microsoft Windows operating systems that contains critical system files and libraries, including many core components of the operating system.
"The virus infected the system32 directory, causing the operating system to malfunction."
Testing conducted on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified requirements.
"System testing is a phase in the software development lifecycle where the application is tested as a whole."
A request to the kernel of an operating system to perform a specific task or operation, often initiated by user programs or system utilities.
"The 'open' system call was used to open a file for reading or writing."
The set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols and words that are considered to be correctly structured statements or expressions in a programming language.
"The syntax error prevented the program from compiling."
The set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured programs in that language.
"Each programming language has its own syntax that programmers must follow to write valid code."
Syntax within a programming language that allows developers to write code in a more concise or expressive way, without changing the underlying functionality or behavior.
"The 'foreach' loop in C# is syntactic sugar for iterating over collections."
A cryptographic algorithm that uses the same key for both encryption and decryption, also known as secret-key or private-key cryptography.
"AES is a widely used symmetrical-key algorithm for securing sensitive data."
sxhkd is an X daemon that reacts to input events by executing commands.
"Usually sxhkd is used together with bspwm. "
A technique used in Objective-C to dynamically change the implementation of a method at runtime, often used for method interception and debugging.
"The developer swizzled a method to log function calls for debugging purposes."
A Unix command that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user, typically the superuser or root, often used for administrative tasks.
"He used sudo to install system updates on the server."
A sequence of characters contained within a larger string, often identified by its starting and ending positions within the string.
"The substring 'world' was extracted from the string 'Hello, world!'."
A 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network address and host address.
"Subnet masks are used in IP networking to break down larger networks into smaller, sub-networks (or subnets)."
A part of an expression that is itself a correct expression.
"In the expression `(5 + 2) * 3`, `(5 + 2)` is a subexpression."
A contiguous sequence of elements within an array, often used for slicing and accessing portions of an array.
"The algorithm found the maximum sum subarray within the given array."
A test double used in test-driven development to simulate the behavior of a collaborator object, typically returning pre-programmed responses or values.
"The test stub provided canned responses to simulate interactions with an external service."
A programming language feature that requires strict adherence to data types, often preventing unintended type conversions and catching type-related errors early in the development process.
"In strongly typed languages like Haskell, the compiler enforces strict type checking."
The operation of joining character strings end-to-end.
"In many programming languages, the '+' operator is used to concatenate strings."
A sequence of characters used to represent text.
"In programming, strings are used to store and manipulate text."
A sequence of characters, typically used to represent text or data, often enclosed in quotation marks in programming languages.
"The string 'Hello, world!' was printed to the console."
A type of software testing that verifies the stability and reliability of the system under extreme conditions.
"Stress testing is used to ensure software reliability and high performance under maximum load."
A behavioral design pattern that defines a family of algorithms, encapsulates each one, and makes them interchangeable, allowing clients to switch algorithms at runtime.
"The strategy pattern was used to implement different logging strategies for the application."
A distributed real-time computation system used for processing large streams of data with low latency, providing fault tolerance and horizontal scalability.
"The company used Storm for real-time analytics on streaming data."
A set of SQL statements that are stored and executed on the database server as a single unit, providing a way to encapsulate complex business logic or frequently performed operations.
"The stored procedure calculated monthly sales totals for reporting purposes."
A common word, such as 'and' or 'the', that is often filtered out from search queries or text analysis because it appears frequently and does not carry significant meaning.
"The search engine ignored stop words when indexing web pages to improve search relevance."
A programming language feature that requires variables to be explicitly declared with their data types at compile time, often catching type-related errors early in the development process.
"In statically typed languages like Java, the compiler checks type compatibility at compile time."
A collection of object code that is combined with other object code and libraries during the linking phase of program compilation, often used for reusable code and functions.
"The project linked against a static library for cryptographic functions."
A type of code analysis performed without executing the code, often used to identify potential issues, security vulnerabilities, or code smells in software applications.
"The static analysis tool flagged several potential memory leaks in the codebase."
A Java keyword used to define a variable or method that belongs to the class itself, rather than to instances of the class, often used for constants or utility methods.
"The static method was called without creating an instance of the class."
A single line of code that performs a specific task.
"In many programming languages, statements end with a semicolon."
The current condition or configuration of a system or object, often represented by the values of its attributes or properties at a given time.
"The application maintained its state using local storage."
A data modeling technique used in data warehousing where a central fact table is surrounded by dimension tables, forming a star-like structure, commonly used for online analytical processing (OLAP).
"The data warehouse was designed using a star schema for efficient querying and analysis."
A collection of pre-written code and routines provided by a programming language or framework, offering commonly used functionalities like input/output operations, data structures, and mathematical functions.
"The developer used functions from the standard library to parse and manipulate strings."
An individual or group with an interest or concern in the outcome of a project, typically including customers, users, sponsors, and other affected parties.
"The project manager regularly communicated with stakeholders to gather feedback and manage expectations."
A separate environment used for testing changes to software or infrastructure before they are deployed to production, allowing developers to validate changes and identify issues before they impact users.
"The staging environment closely mirrored the production environment to ensure accurate testing."
A deployment environment used for testing changes to software or infrastructure before they are promoted to production, often called a staging environment.
"The team deployed the latest changes to the staging environment for testing."
An error that occurs when a program's call stack exceeds its maximum size, typically caused by excessive recursion or allocating too much memory on the stack.
"The program crashed with a stack overflow error."
A data structure that stores elements in a last-in, first-out (LIFO) manner, where elements are inserted and removed from the same end, often used for function calls, expression evaluation, and backtracking.
"The function call stack kept track of the order of function calls and their local variables."
An abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements, with two principal operations: push, which adds an element to the collection, and pop, which removes the most recently added element.
"Stacks are used in algorithms and programming to store data temporarily in a way that it can be retrieved in Last-In-First-Out order."
A test double used in test-driven development to record information about function calls, such as the number of times it was called and with which arguments.
"The test spy verified that the function was called with the correct parameters."
In agile development, a time-boxed iteration or cycle of work, typically lasting one to four weeks, where a team completes a set of predefined tasks or user stories.
"The team successfully completed all the user stories planned for the sprint."
A temporary storage area used to queue data before it is processed or sent to its destination, often used in printing and data transmission.
"The print job was added to the print spooler and would be processed in the order it was received."
A technique used in computer security to impersonate another user, device, or system by falsifying data or headers in network communications.
"The attacker used IP spoofing to disguise the origin of malicious network packets."
In Lisp and related programming languages, a construct or syntax that does not follow the usual evaluation rules, often used for control flow, defining functions, or declaring variables.
"The 'if' statement in Lisp is a special form that evaluates its arguments conditionally."
A matrix in which most of the elements are zero, typically represented in a compact format to save memory and computational resources.
"Sparse matrices are commonly used in scientific computing and data analysis."
Derogatory slang for source code that is poorly structured, overly complex, and difficult to understand or maintain.
"The legacy application was infamous for its spaghetti code."
Files that map the original source code to the corresponding output files, typically used in debugging and optimizing JavaScript and CSS code.
"The developer generated source maps to debug the minified JavaScript code."
Any collection of code, possibly with comments, written using a human-readable programming language, usually as plain text.
"The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code."
The process of bringing together various software sub-systems so that they create a unified single system.
"Integration is often required when a firm buys software from different vendors and needs them to work together."
The application of engineering principles to the design, development, and maintenance of software.
"Software engineering covers a broad range of knowledge, from understanding user needs and requirements to software maintenance and testing."
The high-level structure of a software system, the discipline of creating such structures, and the documentation of these structures.
"Software architecture involves the design and implementation of high-level structures that are efficient, scalable, and meet the business objectives."
One endpoint of a two-way communication link between two programs running on the network.
"Sockets are used to connect applications running on different JREs (Java Runtime Environments)."
A versatile network utility that establishes two bidirectional byte streams and transfers data between them, often used for network debugging and exploration.
"The developer used socat to create a virtual serial port for testing communication between devices."
A naming convention where multiple words are combined and separated by underscores, typically used in variable names, function names, and file names.
"The variable was named using snake_case for better readability."
The process of running a set of basic tests on a software build to ensure that critical functionalities are working as expected, typically performed before more comprehensive testing.
"The QA team conducted smoke testing after each software build to catch major issues early in the development process."
A basic test performed on a software build to verify that the most critical functions work correctly, without going into detail.
"Before deployment, the team conducted a smoke test to ensure the application was functioning properly."
A derogatory slang term for an overly complex or convoluted piece of code.
"The developer spent hours deciphering the slit of code written by his predecessor."
A messaging platform designed for teams to communicate and collaborate in real-time, offering features like chat rooms, file sharing, and integrations with other tools.
"The team used Slack for both work-related communication and social interactions."
A file where you provide information about the pages, videos, and other files on your site, and the relationships between them.
"Search engines like Google read this file to more intelligently crawl your site."
A discipline that incorporates aspects of software engineering and applies them to infrastructure and operations problems, with a focus on creating scalable and reliable systems.
"The company hired SREs to improve the reliability and scalability of its infrastructure."
A design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object, ensuring that only a single instance of the class exists in the system.
"The logger class was implemented using the singleton pattern to ensure centralized logging."
A software design principle that states that a class or module should have only one reason to change, focusing on doing one thing well.
"The developer adhered to the single-responsibility principle when designing the application architecture."
A unified view or interface that presents data or information from multiple sources in a single location, often used in system monitoring and management.
"The dashboard provided a single pane of glass for monitoring server performance."
A web application or website that dynamically updates content without reloading the entire page, typically using AJAX or other asynchronous techniques.
"The single page application provided a seamless user experience by loading content dynamically."
A data type that represents whole numbers, including both positive and negative values, using a fixed number of bits and a sign bit to indicate the sign of the number.
"In a 32-bit signed integer, the range of values is from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647."
Derogatory slang for poorly written, unmaintainable, or confusing code.
"The legacy application was plagued by shitcode that made it difficult to add new features."
In the context of computers, the term ''shim'' refers to a piece of software or code that acts as an intermediary layer between two software components or systems. Shims are used to bridge compatibility gaps, provide backward compatibility, or enhance interoperability between different software modules or versions.
"A compatibility shim in operating systems, like ''Windows XP SP2 Compatibility Mode,'' emulates older system behaviors to ensure legacy applications function correctly on newer OS versions, avoiding compatibility issues."
A bitwise operation that moves the bits of a binary number to the left or right, effectively multiplying or dividing the number by powers of 2.
"The shift operator was used to efficiently manipulate binary data."
A command-line interface that allows users to interact with an operating system or execute commands, often used for system administration and automation.
"She wrote a shell script to automate the backup process."
A collection of code and resources that multiple programs can use concurrently, typically stored in a separate file and dynamically linked at runtime.
"The application relied on a shared library for common functionality like networking."
A database partitioning technique where large datasets are divided into smaller, more manageable parts called shards, which are distributed across multiple database servers.
"The company implemented sharding to improve the scalability and performance of its database."
A programming concept where a variable in a nested scope has the same name as a variable in an outer scope, effectively hiding the outer variable within the inner scope.
"The function parameter shadowed the global variable with the same name."
A method that sets the value of a specific property.
"Setters are used in object-oriented programming to control changes to a private variable."
A period of communication or interaction between a user and a computer system or between two computer systems, often involving the exchange of data.
"The user's session expired after a period of inactivity."
A target level of service defined by an organization to meet its service level agreements (SLAs) with customers, typically expressed as a measurable quantity.
"The company aimed to achieve a 99.99% availability as part of its SLOs."
A contract between a service provider and a customer that defines the level of service expected from the provider, including uptime, response times, and support.
"The SLA guaranteed 99.9% uptime for the cloud hosting service."
A cloud computing model where cloud providers dynamically manage the allocation of machine resources, allowing developers to focus on writing code without worrying about infrastructure management.
"The company migrated its backend to a serverless architecture to reduce operational overhead."
A technique used in web development where the server generates HTML for a web page and sends it to the client's browser, allowing faster initial page loads and improved SEO.
"The team implemented server-side rendering to improve the performance of their web application."
A computer or system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other computers, known as clients, over a network.
"In web development, a web server serves web pages to users' browsers upon request."
A computer or software application that provides functionality or resources to other programs or devices, typically over a network.
"The company hosted its website on a server maintained by a cloud service provider."
The process of converting data structures or objects into a format that can be easily stored, transmitted, or reconstructed later.
"JSON and XML are commonly used formats for data serialization."
A type of model in machine learning that is designed for data sequences, such as time series or text.
"Sequence models like recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs) are effective for tasks like speech recognition and language translation."
