An error that occurs when a program tries to access a memory location that it's not allowed to access, typically resulting in a crash.

"The program crashed with a segfault when it attempted to access a null pointer."

The operation of accessing the data referred to by a pointer or reference.

"Dereferencing a null pointer in C or C++ results in undefined behavior, often leading to a program crash."

A type of security vulnerability in which an attacker can execute malicious SQL statements by manipulating input data, typically through web forms or URL parameters.

"The website was vulnerable to SQL injection attacks due to improper input validation."

Small pieces of data stored on the user's computer by the web browser while browsing a website.

"Cookies are used to remember information about the user, such as login or language preferences, to improve the browsing experience."

This is the data sent by an Internet server to a browser. Each time the browser accesses the same server, it sends the data back as a means of tracking how (and how often) it accesses the server.

"Websites use cookies to remember user preferences and login status across sessions."